A Report On International Marketing Strategy Marketing Essay

A Report On International Marketing Strategy Marketing Essay This paper focuses on the international marketing strategy of two companies: one operating in the developing world and one operating in both the developed and developing worlds. These are Spice Jet, operating in India only and JetBlue airways, operating in USA, Mexico and Central America. Jet blue is a low cost service provider in the airline industry. JetBlue headquarters are situated in the Forest Hills near New York. Their major operations are in the United States, Mexico and Central America. In just five years, JetBlue has become one of the most profitable start-up airlines. They have managed to be profitable during the present recession. JetBlue operates in a very competitive low fare sector of the airline industry. The positioning of JetBlue has been done as an affordable and quality airline with extra facilities. JetBlues CEO David Neelemen and a few Southwest Airlines employees. The second most important thing after security is customer service for JetBlue Training staff, and this very well justifies what Mr. Gareth Edmondson-Jones, VP of Corporate Communications JetBlue said- We want to bring humanity back to airline travel. Its not enough just to launch a low-fare airline that can be unsold by big carriers[1]. According to 2008 reports there are more than 10,000 employees working for JetBlue and 134 aircrafts to 54 destinations in 6 countries. MARKETING STRATEGY of JetBlue Reaching the Customer Within the initial 2 years, JetBlue established a widely recognized brand name. They also have a customer loyalty program known as True Blue[2]. JetBlue mainly competes with its competitors on high quality service provided by its employees[3]. It has been positioned as a low cost and high quality service provider. To keep its operations cost effective JetBlues fleet consists of only one type of aircrafts i.e. AIRBUS A320 because this brings down their maintenance cost. JetBlues marketing strategy is attracting potential customers by effectively communicating its idea that low fares and good quality service are not always mutually exclusive[4]. The main reasons for JetBlues operations being so cost effective are the importance given to technology and innovation and the search for highly skilled and efficient staff known as Crewmembers. While hiring, they seek to match their corporate values with individuals values. In the last 10 years JetBlue has adopted a strategy of innovative marketing and profitability in the industry. Customers are given a $5 discount for booking online. They use different methods to advertise their offers and services such as promotional efforts, newspapers, radio, television and targeted public relations. JetBlue also relies on promoting through Word-of-Mouth. They are socially responsible and believe in CSR- Corporate Social Responsibility. After the earthquake in Haiti on January 12th 2010, they collaborated with American Red Cross and asked people to donate for those who have lost their families and their lifes earnings in the devastating earthquake[5]. DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING WORLD FOR JETBLUE JetBlue is a young and dynamic low fare airline but it has been facing problems due to the economic downturn. But they have been successful in differentiating their services from their competitors by providing high quality service at low fares. They have always tried to increase the number of their operating destinations to overcome the financial crunch and increase their market base. Currently JetBlue operates in USA, Mexico and Central America and the advantage it has of working in developed countries like USA and the developing ones like Mexico and Central American countries is that they have similar culture and similar expectations from their airline services and substantial amount of American population is Mexican so there are numerous frequent fliers which increases their customer base by substantial numbers. According to Pew Hispanic report of 2008, there were 12.7 million Mexican immigrants living in USA in 2008[6]. There are potential threats also while operating in both developed and developing worlds i.e. the different political environment and their economies being interdependent. Due to the economic crisis in USA, economy of Mexico was also hugely affected. There are different rules and regulations for the airline industry in different countries which also depend on their economic condition i.e. whether they are developed or developing. Developed economies would probably deregulate more and developing economies would try to protect their own airline companies from the ones who come from outside to tap into the local market because this way they actually import services and the local currency goes out. This depreciates their currency with respect to other foreign currencies. Government regulations, political stability and economic condition of the countries differ from each other which make operations of industries like the Airline industry very difficult and makes the business environment very uncertain. SPICEJET AIRWAYS Spice jet is the second largest low cost airline in India. Earlier it was Modiluft airline. ModiLuft airline was the partnership between Indian industrial group Modi and Lufthansa. It is based in New Delhi and offers domestic short haul services with 195 daily flights to 18 destinations in India including the big cities like Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Hyderabad[7]. SpiceJet is using a single-aircraft-type fleet like other low cost airlines. They are currently using 16 Boeing 737-800 and 5 Boeing 737-900ER. MARKETING STRATEGY SpiceJet is using the names of various spices for eg. Cinnamon, thyme etc. for their aircrafts. They handle their marketing campaigns with very catchy tag line Flying for everyone. As SpiceJet is low cost airline, they are more focused upon offering lowest air fares to gain more market share. They entered the market using vary different pricing strategy i.e. Rs.99 fares for 99 days and 9000 seats available at this rate[8]. SpiceJet maintained their low price spice fare strategy and started to sell the air tickets for Rs.500 and Rs.999. The main idea behind this is that they wanted to keep their prices very similar to first class tickets of Indian Railways so that any person who affords that fare can be attracted by these airline fares. Another advantage of doing this is that saves in travel time. Corporate benefit programs, Students discounts, discounts on group bookings are also one of the parts of their marketing strategy. They also offer air tickets with Rs.0 basic fare. Another thing we can observe is that almost 25% of their sales are on their website which shows that SpiceJet encourages the online bookings to eliminate the travel agents thus to bail out travel agents fee. They are also planning to increase their number of fleets in order to increase their market share. They also rely on Word-of-Mouth like JetBlue does. SpiceJet also launched a new communication strategy which clearly moves away from strategies based on price to value based strategies. This strategy focuses on long term prospects and positioning SpiceJet in a different way[9]. COMPLEXITIES REGARDING MARKETING AIRLINE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING WORLD The market size for the low fare airline services is really small i.e. just 18 cities in 28 states. That amounts for a very small size of the total population. Airline is not like other products with which consumers have to interact with on daily basis. The regular Indian traveler expects the same whether they are traveling from a low fare airline or a full service carrier with respect to some services like normal sanitation etc[10]. ENHANCING PERFORMANCE Spicejets fleet includes Boeing 737-900ER, which earlier was fine for them to use because of cheap fuel prices but lately fuel prices have increased. Therefore to decrease their operating cost they can also include more fuel efficient aircrafts like ATR-72 for short distance flights and Airbus 320 for long distance flights. They can also increase the number of destinations to reach economies of scale and to increase their revenues. STAY HERE OR EXPAND Given the current economic condition of other countries and the financial situation of Spicejet they should stay in India only because in the developed countries the competitors are more financially stable and they can have a competitive advantage with respect to price and also being there before SpiceJet. Other airlines already operating in the developed countries have well established network and the experience to operate their because the government rules and regulations regarding differ from place to place and also depends on the current economic condition of the country. The cultural difference and the standard lifestyle of the customers are also different. The meaning of a low fare airline might be different for people from different countries and the minimum expectation from the airline services as well. Its true that to increase the revenues they should tap into the other markets but right now its not the right time to that. When they decide to do so they can consider an opti on of collaborating with some other players in the developed country market and gain some experience and know how while working with them before they decide to enter the market themselves. CONCLUSION [1] http://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?id=41 [2] https://trueblue.jetblue.com/web/trueblue/home;jsessionid=F854ECF662888C47BD9AD0E3415B9862.l1 [3] http://www.jetblue.com/about/ourcompany/annualreport/2002/our-people.html [4]http://www.hotelschool.cornell.edu/chr/pdf/showpdf/chr/research/casestudies/AAJetBFinal_with_2002_financials.pdf?my_path_info=chr/research/casestudies/AAJetBFinal_with_2002_financials.pdf [5] http://american.redcross.org/site/PageServer?pagename=corp_evergreens_company=jetblueairways-pubs_companycontent=jetblueairways-pubs_active=1s_dis1=0s_dis2=0s_dis3=1s_genops=0s_national=0s_military=0s_international=0s_local=0s_match=0s_src=FZZWGW00s_subsrc=jetblueairways-pub [6] http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/47.pdf [7] SpiceJet Retrieved Jan 20 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiceJet [8] SpiceJet Debuts with Rs.99 fare for 99 days   Retrieved Jan 20 2010 http://www.spicejet.com/newspage.asp?strNews=99fares [9] http://www.campaignindia.in/news/2009/08/10/spicejet-s-new-communication-strategy-attempts-to-delivervalue- [10] http://www.campaignindia.in/news/2009/08/10/spicejet-s-new-communication-strategy-attempts-to-delivervalue-

Donne’s use of conceit: Essay

The word conceit as a literary term can be defined is a â€Å"fairly elaborate figurative device†. The pleasure drawn form conceit is intellectual rather than sensual. John Donne has made abundant use of conceits in his love and religious poems to convey his message in a beautiful and intellectual way to his readers. He has made abundant use of metaphors, imagery and similes in his poems in order to pregnant them with aesthetic pleasure of first water. His poem ‘A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning’ presents a glorious example of the use of metaphorical conceits in the love poems. In this poem he discusses and compares the intricate web of relationship between love, soul and body with the drawing compasses. The basic them of the poem is that love is a strong and powerful passion and it has the power of keeping the lovers linked together no matter how vast the physical differences are between them they will eventually meet and live together just like when one arm of compass started its journey and get separated from its other half. At the completion of the circle the separated half comes back and becomes joined together with its partner. That is the case which John Donne wanted to make with respect to the pair of the lovers in his poem ‘A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning’ in which the lover says to his beloved, â€Å"Yet, when the other far doth roam,/ It leans, and hearkens after it, / And grows erect, as that comes home. † This basically implies that she must not fear the separation as the power of her love will guard him and bring him back to her at last. John Donne also makes a very good and meaningful use of conceit in his spiritual poems. For instance in his holy poem ‘A Nocturnal Upon Saint Lucy’s Day’ the use of summer solastics is made to convey in a marvelous way the hopes of the poet. He says in the poem that â€Å"TIS the year’s midnight, and it is the day’s,/Lucy’s, who scarce seven hours herself unmasks ;/ The sun is spent, and now his flasks/ Send forth light squibs, no constant rays ;† the real meaning of the poet is to present himself as an empty self which will be rejuvenated by love. â€Å"Rape of the Lock† and the satirical portrait of Belinda. The mock-heroic is defined as a style of writing in which a heroic manner is adopted to make a trivial subject seem grand in such a way as to satirize the style, and it is therefore commonly used in burlesque and parody. Alexander pope use this style in his long poem entitled â€Å"Rape of the Lock† to satirize the manners and life style of the fashionable society of eighteenth century England. The most important incident in the poem is the cutting of a lock of hair that resulted in the development of fight between two families, as he says â€Å"What dire Offence from am’rous Causes springs,/What mighty Contests rise from trivial Things, [I. 1-2]† . Belinda is the heroine of the poem and she is also served as the butt of satire by Pope. She is discussed as the vain and empty minded women of that fashionable society. Who cares more for her beauty and less for her religion and morality, he says that â€Å"And now, unveil’d, the Toilet stands display’d,/Each Silver Vase in mystic Order laid. /First, rob’d in White, the Nymph intent adores/With Head uncover’d, the Cosmetic Pow’rs. /A heav’nly Image in the Glass appears,/To that she bends, to that her Eyes she rears; [l. 121-6]. † Belinda is also criticized by Pope in the way she has placed bible among the other trivialities of her cosmetics, â€Å" Here Files of Pins extend their shining Rows,/ Puffs, Powders, Patches, Bibles, Billet-doux. [l. 137-8]† Belinda is discussed as the type of women of eighteenth century fashionable society who lived there lives just for the sake of gilded chariots, pearls and rubies, beautiful dresses, cosmetics, lovers and raising hue and cry over immensely trivial matters. They have no heart or mind for religion, morality, or any other serious discipline of life. Philip Sidney and Shakespeare’s sonnets: Sir Philip Sidney set the vogue of writing sonnet-sequences, In fact, after Wyatt and Surrey; the sonnet was neglected for a number of years. It was for Sidney to revitalize this form by composing one hundred and eight sonnets, all put in Astrophel and Stella, commemorating his fruitless love for Penelope Deveneux, the daughter of his patron, the Earl of Essex. Sidney wrote the sonnet, not to satisfy the call of the age, but to express his heart-felt love-experience. Sidney’s sonnets reveal a true lyric emotion. On the one hand, there is in these sonnets much of the conventional material of the Italian sonneteers; but on the other hand there are touches so apt to the situation of a man who loves too late that one hesitates to ascribe them to mere dramatic skill. In Astrophel and Stella, Sidney writes not because it is a pleasant add accomplished thing to do but because he must. His sonnets let out blood. As a sonneteer Sidney is placed next only to Shakespeare and Spenser. His best written sonnets are : Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show’ ; With how sad steps, 0 Moon, thou climb’st the skies’; ‘Come Sleep, O Sleep, the certain knot of peace’, ‘having this day, my horse, my hand, my lance’ and ‘No, more my dear, no more these counsels try’. Sidney’s sonnets are mostly written in mixed Italian and English forms. Shakespeare has followed the pattern of Surrey in his sonnets. Since he has made a splendid use of this form, it is known after him and not surrey, its real originator.

How to Choose Best Research Paper Writing Services in Usa

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Did You Know the US Apologized to Native Americans

In 1993, the  U.S. Congress  devoted an entire  resolution  to  apologizing to Native Hawaiians  for overthrowing their kingdom in 1893. But a U.S. apology to Native Americans took until 2009 and came stealthily tucked away in an unrelated  spending bill. If you just happened to be reading the 67-page  Defense Appropriations Act of 2010  (H.R. 3326), tucked away on page 45, in between sections detailing how much of your money the U.S. military would spend on what, you might notice Section 8113: Apology to Native Peoples of the United States. Sorry For the Violence, Maltreatment, and Neglect The United States, acting through Congress, states Sec. 8113, apologizes on behalf of the people of the United States to all Native Peoples for the many instances of violence, maltreatment, and neglect inflicted on Native Peoples by citizens of the United States; and expresses its regret for the ramifications of former wrongs and its commitment to build on the positive relationships of the past and present to move toward a brighter future where all the people of this land live reconciled as brothers and sisters, and harmoniously steward and protect this land together. But, You Cant Sue Us for It Of course, the apology also makes it clear that it in no way admits liability in any of the dozens of lawsuits still pending against the U.S. government by Native Americans. Nothing in this section ... authorizes or supports any claim against the United States; or serves as a settlement of any claim against the United States, states the apology. The apology also urges the President of the United States to acknowledge the wrongs of the United States against  Indian tribes  in the history of the United States in order to bring healing to this land. And the President Wont Acknowledge It In his 6 years in office after the enactment of the Defense Appropriations Act of 2010, President Obama never publicly acknowledged the Apology to Native Peoples of the United States. If the wording of the apology sounds vaguely familiar, its because it is the same as that in the  Native American Apology Resolution  (S.J.RES. 14),  proposed in both 2008 and 2009  by former U.S. Senators Sam Brownback (R-Kansas), and Byron Dorgan (D., North Dakota). The Senators unsuccessful efforts to pass a stand-alone Native American Apology Resolution date back to 2004. Along with its 1993 apology to native Hawaiians, Congress had previously apologized to Japanese-Americans for their internment during World War II and to African-Americans for allowing slavery to exist in the United States prior to  emancipation. And the Navajo Nation was Not Impressed   On December 19, 2012, Mark Charles, representing the Navajo Nation, hosted a public reading of the Apology to Native Peoples of the United States in front of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. This apology was buried in H.R. 3326, the 2010 Department of Defense Appropriations Act, wrote Charles on his  Reflections from the Hogan blog. It was signed by President Obama on Dec. 19, 2009, but was never announced, publicized or read publicly by either the White House or the 111th Congress. Given the context, the appropriations sections of H.R. 3326  sounded almost nonsensical, wrote Charles. We were not pointing fingers, nor were we calling out our leaders by name, we were just highlighting the inappropriateness of the context and delivery of their apology. What About Reparations? This official apology naturally raises the question of reparations to Native Americans for their decades of mistreatment at the hands of the U.S. Government. While the issue of reparations to African-Americans for slavery is constantly debated, similar reparations to Native Americans is rarely mentioned. The reason most often cited for the discrepancy is the difference between the African American and American Indian experiences. African Americans—sharing the same history, culture, and language—also shared similar experiences of prejudice and segregation. In comparison, various Native Americans tribes—encompassing dozens of different cultures and languages—had vastly different experiences. According to the government, these differing experiences makes arriving at a blanket reparation policy for Native Americans nearly impossible. The issue returned to the public spotlight in February 2019, when Sen. Elizabeth Warren, one of several Democratic 2020 presidential hopefuls, stated that Native Americans should be included in the â€Å"conversation† on reparations for African-Americans. Warren, who had controversially claimed to be of Native American ancestry herself, told reporters in Manchester, N.H. that America has an â€Å"ugly history of racism† and suggested reparations as one way to deal with it. â€Å"We need to confront it head-on and we need to talk about the right away to address it and make change,† she said.

An Inconvenient Truth Research Paper - 1374 Words

An Inconvenient Truth â€Å"You look at that river gently flowing by. You notice the leaves rustling with the wind. You hear the birds; you hear the tree frogs. In the distance you hear a cow. You feel the grass. The mud gives a little bit on the river bank. Its quiet; its peaceful. And all of a sudden, its a gear shift inside you. And its like taking a deep breath and going, Oh yeah, I forgot about this. –Al Gore, An Inconvenient Truth - Inconvenient Truth â€Å"You see that pale, blue dot? Thats us. Everything that has ever happened in all of human history, has happened on that pixel. All the triumphs and all the tragedies, all the wars all the famines, all the major advances... its our only home. And that is what is at stake, our†¦show more content†¦But that article was published in Newsweek and never appeared in a peer-reviewed journal† (Inconvenient Truth). This shows that there are people who are deliberately trying to mislead the public through false publications. The economical and political factors that are affecting this issue are the costs this is going to have on large companies. â€Å"The truth about global warming is especially inconvenient and unwelcome to some powerful people and companies making enormous sums of money from activities they know full well will have to change in order to ensure the planets livability† (Inconvenient Truth). If market capitalism can be made an ally of environmentalism, then businesses will keep track of all the economic decisions made, whether they have good or bad consequences. The most interesting thing I found about this film was the speed of which global warming is occurring. I always thought it would happen at a much slower pace than it actually is. The most surprising part about the film was when he talked about how the extinction rate today is 100 to 1000 times higher than it should be. The most poignant scenes were the ones showing the glaciers melting and the one showing the present day and projected carbon dioxide levels. The glacier scene showed pictures of glaciers 30 years ago progressing up to today. There was a drastic difference in the size of the glaciers and some were almost gone completely. The scene showing the CO2 levels wasShow MoreRelated Global Warming and the Media Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesMedia In this paper I will show that the issues of global warming have been misrepresented by some and cleverly utilized by others, (Y) by giving an overview of global warming as it is portrayed by the media, (Z) so that people will learn to search for scientific information regarding important issues for themselves. (P1) The media’s constant over-coverage of global warming is desensitizing the public to the very real problem of global warming. (P2) In the movies, An Inconvenient Truth and The DayRead MoreHum -102 - Week 1 - Humanities Today Paper871 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Humanities allows us to look at the past, the past will allow us to see what our future holds. This paper will examine how the study of humanities is differentiated between other modes of expression. The paper will also review examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, literature and film that reflect current socio-economics, technology and politics. Humanities Defined The study of humanity provides insight into how humans have developed culturally. The insight that art,Read MoreGlobal Warming Is False1059 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal warming. On January 30th, 2007, Congress held its first hearing about global warming. What was concluded in that hearing was that global warming is a fact, and that it is caused by humans. 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Nowadays almost every aspectRead MoreElectronic Payment Social Commerce Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation for debit and credit cards. This will reduce credit card fraud as a result of exposure, as it will increase control around cardholder data. Most of the 12 PCI DSS requirements for compliance have been covered under section 2.2 of this paper. However one of the requirements relevant to this section is â€Å"Restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know† (PCI Standards and Documents, n.d). There are other means of providing an additional layer of security for cardholder information

Comptia a+ Free Essays

string(174) " Power and electrical input devices o Auto-switching o Fixed input power supplies o Batteries \? Input devices o Stylus / digitizer CompTIA A\+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2\." CompTIA A+ Essentials (2009 Edition) Objectives Exam Number: 220-701 Introduction In order to receive CompTIA A+ certification a candidate must pass two exams. The first exam is CompTIA A+ Essentials, exam number 220-701. The CompTIA A+ Essentials examination measures necessary competencies for an entry-level IT professional with the equivalent knowledge of at least 500 hours of hands-on experience in the lab or field. We will write a custom essay sample on Comptia a+ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Successful candidates will have the knowledge required to understand the fundamentals of computer technology, networking, and security, and will have the skills required to identify hardware, peripheral, networking, and security components. Successful candidates will understand the basic functionality of the operating system and basic troubleshooting methodology, practice proper safety procedures, and will effectively interact with customers and peers. CompTIA A+ is ISO 17024 Accredited (Personnel Certification Accreditation) and, as such, undergoes regular reviews and updates to the exam objectives. The following CompTIA A+ Essentials objectives reflect the subject areas in the 2009 Edition of the exam and result from subject matter expert workshops and industry-wide survey results regarding the skills and knowledge required of an entry-level IT professional. The percentages in this document represent the relative importance of the subject areas (domains) in the associated body of knowledge, and together establish the foundation of an entry-level IT professional. This examination blueprint includes domain weighting, test objectives, and example content. Example topics and concepts are included to clarify the test objectives and should not be construed as a comprehensive listing of all the content of this examination. Candidates are encouraged to use this document to guide their studies. The contents of the examination blueprint help prioritize topics and provide a guide of what to expect on the CompTIA A+ Essentials exam. The table below lists the domains measured by this examination and the extent to which they are represented. The CompTIA A+ Essentials (2009 Edition) exam is based on these objectives. Domain 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. Hardware Troubleshooting, Repair Maintenance Operating System and Software Networking Security Operational Procedure Percentage of Examination 27% 20% 20% 15% 8% 10% 100% Total **Note: The lists of examples provided in bulleted format below each objective are not exhaustive lists. Other examples of technologies, processes or tasks pertaining to each objective may also be included on the exam althou gh not listed or covered in this objectives document. CompTIA is constantly reviewing the content of our exams and updating test questions to be sure our exams are current and the security of the questions is protected. When necessary, we will publish updated exams based on existing exam objectives. Please know that all related exam preparation materials will still be valid. CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 1 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 1. 0 Hardware 1. 1 Categorize storage devices and backup media ? FDD ? HDD o Solid state vs. magnetic ? Optical drives o CD / DVD / RW / Blu-Ray ? Removable storage o Tape drive o Solid state (e. g. humb drive, flash, SD cards, USB) o External CD-RW and hard drive o Hot swappable devices and non-hot swappable devices 1. 2 Explain motherboard components, types and features ? Form Factor o ATX / BTX, o micro ATX o NLX ? I/O interfaces o Sound o Video o USB 1. 1 and 2. 0 o Serial o IEEE 1394 / Firewire o Parallel o NIC o Modem o PS/2 ? Memory slots o RIMM o DIMM o SODIMM o SIMM ? Processor sockets ? Bus architecture ? Bus slots o PCI o AGP o PCIe o AMR o CNR o PCMCIA ? PATA o IDE o EIDE ? SATA, eSATA ? Contrast RAID (levels 0, 1, 5) ? Chipsets ? BIOS / CMOS / Firmware o POST o CMOS battery ? Riser card / daughterboard 1. 3 Classify power supplies types and characteristics CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 2 of 17 ? ? ? ? ? AC adapter ATX proprietary Voltage, wattage and capacity Voltage selector switch Pins (20, 24) 1. 4 Explain the purpose and characteristics of CPUs and their features ? Identify CPU types o AMD o Intel ? Hyper threading ? Multi core o Dual core o Triple core o Quad core ? Onchip cache o L1 o L2 ? Speed (real vs. actual) ? 32bit vs. 64 bit 1. 5 Explain cooling methods and devices ? Heat sinks ? CPU and case fans ? Liquid cooling systems ? Thermal compound 1. 6 Compare and contrast memory types, characteristics and their purpose ? Types o DRAM o SRAM o SDRAM o DDR / DDR2 / DDR3 o RAMBUS ? Parity vs. Non-parity ? ECC vs. non-ECC ? Single sided vs. double sided ? Single channel vs. dual channel ? Speed o PC100 o PC133 o PC2700 o PC3200 o DDR3-1600 o DDR2-667 1. 7 Distinguish between the different display devices and their characteristics ? Projectors, CRT and LCD ? LCD technologies o Resolution (e. . XGA, SXGA+, UXGA, WUXGA) o Contrast ratio o Native resolution ? Connector types o VGA CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 3 of 17 ? o o o o Settings o o o o HDMi S-Video Component / RGB DVI pin compatibility Refresh rate Resolution Multi-monitor Degauss 1. 8 Install and configure peripherals and input devices ? Mouse ? Keyboard ? Bar code reader ? Multimedia (e. g. web and digital cameras, MIDI, microphones) ? Biometric devices ? Touch screen ? KVM switch 1. 9 Summarize the function and types of adapter cards ? Video o PCI o PCIe o AGP ? Multimedia o Sound card o TV tuner cards o Capture cards ? I/O o SCSI o Serial o USB o Parallel ? Communications o NIC o Modem 1. 10 Install, configure and optimize laptop components and features ? Expansion devices o PCMCIA cards o PCI Express cards o Docking station ? Communication connections o Bluetooth o Infrared o Cellular WAN o Ethernet o Modem ? Power and electrical input devices o Auto-switching o Fixed input power supplies o Batteries ? Input devices o Stylus / digitizer CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 4 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. o o Function keys Point devices (e. g. touch pad, point stick / track point) 1. 11 Install and configure printers ? Differentiate between printer types o Laser o Inkjet o Thermal o Impact ? Local vs. network printers ? Printer drivers (compatibility) ? Consumables 2. 0 Troubleshooting, Repair and Maintenance 2. Given a scenario, explain the troubleshooting theory ? Identify the problem o Question the user and identify user changes to computer and perform backups before making changes ? Establish a theory of probable cause (question the obvious) ? Test the theory to determine cause o Once theory is confirmed determine next steps to resolve problem o If theory is not confirmed re-establish new theory or escalate ? Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution ? Verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative measures ? Document findings, actions and outcomes 2. 2 Given a scenario, explain and interpret common hardware and operating system symptoms and their causes ? OS related symptoms o Bluescreen o System lock-up o Input/output device o Application install o Start or load o Windows specific printing problems ? Print spool stalled ? Incorrect / incompatible driver ? Hardware related symptoms o Excessive heat o Noise o Odors o Status light indicators o Alerts o Visible damage (e. g. cable, plastic) ? Use documentation and resources o User / installation manuals o Internet / web based o Training materials 2. Given a scenario, determine the troubleshooting methods and tools for printers ? Manage print jobs ? Print spooler ? Printer properties and settings CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 5 of 17 ? Print a test page 2. 4 Given a sc enario, explain and interpret common laptop issues and determine the appropriate basic troubleshooting method ? Issues o Power conditions o Video o Keyboard o Pointer o Stylus o Wireless card issues ? Methods o Verify power (e. . LEDs, swap AC adapter) o Remove unneeded peripherals o Plug in external monitor o Toggle Fn keys or hardware switches o Check LCD cutoff switch o Verify backlight functionality and pixilation o Check switch for built-in WIFI antennas or external antennas 2. 5 Given a scenario, integrate common preventative maintenance techniques ? Physical inspection ? Updates o Driver o Firmware o OS o Security ? Scheduling preventative maintenance o Defrag o Scandisk o Check disk o Startup programs ? Use of appropriate repair tools and cleaning materials o Compressed air o Lint free cloth o Computer vacuum and compressors ? Power devices o Appropriate source such as power strip, surge protector or UPS ? Ensuring proper environment ? Backup procedures 3. 0 Operating Systems and Software – Unless otherwise noted, operating systems referred to within include Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional, XP Home, XP MediaCenter, Windows Vista Home, Home Premium, Business and Ultimate, Windows 7 Starter, Home Premium, Professional and Ultimate 3. 1 Compare and contrast the different Windows Operating Systems and their features ? Windows 2000, Windows XP 32bit vs. 64bit, Windows Vista 32 bit vs. 64bit, Windows 7 32-bit vs. 4-bit o Side bar, Aero, UAC, minimum system requirements, system limits o Windows 2000 and newer – upgrade paths and requirements ? Windows OS Upgrade Advisor ? Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 6 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectiv es are subject to change without notice. o o o Terminology (32bit vs. 64bit – x86 vs. x64) Application compatibility, installed program locations (32bit vs. 64bit), Windows compatibility mode User interface, start bar layout 3. Given a scenario, demonstrate proper use of user interfaces ? Windows Explorer o Libraries in Windows 7 ? My Computer ? Control Panel ? Command prompt utilities o telnet o ping o ipconfig ? Run line utilities o msconfig o msinfo32 o Dxdiag o Cmd o REGEDIT ? My Network Places / Home Group ? Location of basic network settings between OS versions ? Task bar / systray ? Administrative tools o Performance monitor, Event Viewer, Services, Computer Management ? MMC ? Task Manager ? Start Menu 3. 3 Explain the process and steps to install and configure the Windows OS ? File systems o FAT32 vs. NTFS ? Directory structures o Create folders o Navigate directory structures ? Files o Creation o Extensions o Attributes o Permissions ? Verification of hardware compatibility and minimum requirements ? Installation methods o Boot media such as DVD, CD, floppy or USB o Network installation o Install from image o Recover CD o Factory recovery partition ? Operating system installation options o File system type o Network configuration o Repair install ? Disk preparation order o Format drive o Partition CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 7 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? ? ? ? ? o Start installation Device Manager o Verify o Install and update devices drivers o Driver signing User data migration – User State Migration Tool (USMT) Virtual memory Configure power management o Suspend o Wake on LAN o Sleep timers o Hibernate o Standby Demonstrate safe removal of peripherals 3. 4 Explain the basics of boot sequences, methods and startup utilities ? Disk boot order / device priority o Types of boot devices (disk, network, USB, other) ? Boot options o Safe mode o Boot to restore point o Recovery options ? Automated System Recovery (ASR) ? Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) ? Recovery console 4. 0 Networking 4. 1 Summarize the basics of networking fundamentals, including technologies, devices and protocols ? Basics of configuring IP addressing and TCP/IP properties (DHCP, DNS) ? Bandwidth and latency ? Status indicators ? Protocols (TCP/IP, NETBIOS) ? Full-duplex, half-duplex ? Basics of workgroups and domains ? Common ports: HTTP, FTP, POP, SMTP, TELNET, HTTPS ? LAN / WAN ? Hub, switch and router ? Identify Virtual Private Networks (VPN) ? Basics class identification ? IPv6 vs. IPv4 o Address length differences o Address conventions 4. 2 Categorize network cables and connectors and their implementations ? Cables o Plenum / PVC o UTP (e. g. CAT3, CAT5 / 5e, CAT6) o STP o Fiber o Coaxial cable CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 8 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? Connectors o RJ45 o RJ11 4. 3 Compare and contrast the different network types ? Broadband o DSL o Cable o Satellite o Fiber ? Dial-up ? Wireless o All 802. 11 types o WEP o WPA o SSID o MAC filtering o DHCP settings ? Bluetooth ? Cellular 5. 0 Security 5. 1 Explain the basic principles of security concepts and technologies ? Encryption technologies ? Data wiping / hard drive destruction / hard drive recycling ? Software firewall o Port security o Exceptions ? Authentication technologies o User name o Password o Biometrics o Smart cards ? Basics of data sensitivity and data security o Compliance o Classifications o Social engineering 5. 2 Summarize the following security features ? Wireless encryption o WEPx and WPAx o Client configuration (SSID) ? Malicious software protection o Viruses o Trojans o Worms o Spam o Spyware o Adware o Grayware ? BIOS Security o Drive lock CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 9 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? ? ? o Passwords o Intrusion detection o TPM Password management / password complexity Locking workstation o Hardware o Operating system Biometrics o Fingerprint scanner 6. 0 Operational Procedure 6. 1 Outline the purpose of appropriate safety and environmental procedures and given a scenario apply them ? ESD ? EMI o Network interference o Magnets ? RFI o Cordless phone interference o Microwaves ? Electrical safety o CRT o Power supply o Inverter o Laser printers o Matching power requirements of equipment with power distribution and UPSs ? Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ? Cable management o Avoiding trip hazards ? Physical safety o Heavy devices o Hot components ? Environmental – consider proper disposal procedures 6. 2 Given a scenario, demonstrate the appropriate use of communication skills and professionalism in the workplace ? Use proper language – avoid jargon, acronyms, slang ? Maintain a positive attitude ? Listen and do not interrupt a customer ? Be culturally sensitive ? Be on time o If late contact the customer ? Avoid distractions o Personal calls o Talking to co-workers while interacting with customers o Personal interruptions ? Dealing with a difficult customer or situation o Avoid arguing with customers and/or being defensive o Do not minimize customers’ problems o Avoid being judgmental o Clarify customer statements ? Ask open-ended questions to narrow the scope of the problem ? Restate the issue or question to verify understanding CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 10 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? Set and meet expectations / timeline and communicate status with the customer o Offer different repair / replacement options if applicable o Provide proper documentation on the services provided o Follow up with customer / user at a later date to verify satisfaction Deal appropriately with customers confidential materials o Located on compu ter, desktop, printer, etc. CompTIA A+ Acronyms Introduction The following is a list of acronyms which appear on the CompTIA A+ exams. Candidates are encouraged to review the complete list and attain a working knowledge of all listed acronyms as a part of a comprehensive exam preparation program. ACRONYM AC ACL ACPI ACT ADSL AGP AMD APIPA APM ARP ASR ATA ATAPI ATM ATX BIOS BNC BTX CD CD-ROM CD-RW CDFS CFS CMOS COMx CPU CRT DAC DB-25 SPELLED OUT alternating current access control list advanced configuration and power interface activity asymmetrical digital subscriber line accelerated graphics port advanced micro devices automatic private internet protocol addressing advanced power management address resolution protocol automated system recovery advanced technology attachment advanced technology attachment packet interface asynchronous transfer mode advanced technology extended basic input/output system Bayonet-Neill-Concelman or British Naval Connector balanced technology extended compact disc compact disc-read-only memory compact disc-rewritable compact disc file system Central File System, Common File System, Command File System complementary metal-oxide semiconductor communication port (x=port number) central processing unit cathode-ray tube discretionary access control ser ial communications D-shell connector, 25 pins Version 2. 0 11 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. DB-9 DC DDOS DDR DDR RAM DDR SDRAM DFS DHCP DIMM DIN DIP DLT DLP DMA DMZ DNS DOS DRAM DSL DVD DVD-RAM DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD-RW DVI ECC ECP EEPROM EFS EIDE EMI EMP EPROM EPP ERD ESD EVGA EVDO FAT FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 FDD Fn 9 pin D shell connector direct current distributed denial of service double data-rate double data-rate random access memory double data-rate synchronous ynamic random access memory distributed file system dynamic host configuration protocol dual inline memory module Deutsche Industrie Norm dual inline package digital linear tape digital light processing direct memory access demilitarized zone domain name service or domain name server denial of service dynamic random access memory digital subscriber line digital vid eo disc or digital versatile disc digital video disc-random access memory digital video disc-read only memory digital video disc-recordable digital video disc-rewritable digital visual interface error correction code extended capabilities port electrically erasable programmable read-only memory encrypting file system enhanced integrated drive electronics electromagnetic interference electromagnetic pulse erasable programmable read-only memory enhanced parallel port emergency repair disk electrostatic discharge extended video graphics adapter/array evolution data optimized or evolution data only file allocation table 12-bit file allocation table 16-bit file allocation table 32-bit file allocation table floppy disk drive Function (referring to the function key on a laptop) Version 2. 0 12 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. FPM FRU FSB FTP FQDN Gb GB GDI GHz GUI GPS GSM HAL HCL HDD HDMi HPFS HTML HTTP HTTPS I/O ICMP ICR IDE IDS IEEE IIS IMAP IP IPCONFIG IPP IPSEC IPX IPX/SPX IR IrDA IRQ ISA ISDN ISO ISP JBOD Kb KB fast page-mode field replaceable unit Front Side Bus file transfer protocol fully qualified domain name gigabit gigabyte graphics device interface gigahertz graphical user interface global positioning system global system for mobile communications hardware abstraction layer hardware compatibility list hard disk drive high definition media interface high performance file system hypertext markup language hypertext transfer protocol hypertext transfer protocol over secure sockets layer input/output internet control essage protocol intelligent character recognition integrated drive electronics Intrusion Detection System Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Information Services internet mail access protocol internet protocol internet protocol configuration internet printing pr otocol internet protocol security internetwork packet exchange internetwork packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange infrared Infrared Data Association interrupt request industry standard architecture integrated services digital network Industry Standards Organization internet service provider just a bunch of disks kilobit Kilobyte or knowledge base Version 2. 0 13 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. LAN LBA LC LCD LDAP LED Li-on LPD/LPR LPT LVD MAC MAPI MAU Mb MB MBR MBSA MFD MFP MHz MicroDIMM MIDI MIME MMC MMX MP3 MP4 MPEG MSCONFIG MSDS MUI NAC NAS NAT NetBIOS NetBEUI NFS NIC NiCd NiMH NLX NNTP NTFS NTLDR ocal area network logical block addressing Lucent connector liquid crystal display lightweight directory access protocol light emitting diode lithium-ion line printer daemon / line printer remote line printer terminal low voltage differential media access control / mandatory access control messaging application programming interface media access unit, media attachment unit megabit megabyte master boot record Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer multi-function device multi-function product megahertz micro dual inline memory module musical instrument digital interface multipurpose internet mail extension Microsoft management console multimedia extensions Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 3 Audio Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 4 Moving Picture Experts Group Microsoft configuration material safety data sheet multilingual user interface network access control network-attached storage network address translation networked basic input/output system networked basic input/output system extended user interface network file system network interface card nickel cadmium nickel metal hydride new low-profile extended network news transfer protocol new technology file system new technology loader Version 2. 0 14 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. NTP OCR OEM OS PAN PATA PC PCI PCIe PCIX PCL PCMCIA PDA PGA PGA2 PIN PKI PnP POP3 POST POTS PPP PPTP PRI PROM PS/2 PSTN PSU PVC PXE QoS RAID RAM RAS RDRAM RDP RF RFI RGB RIMM RIP RIS RISC RJ Network Time Protocol optical character recognition original equipment manufacturer operating system personal area network parallel advanced technology attachment personal computer peripheral component interconnect peripheral component interconnect express peripheral component interconnect extended printer control language Personal Computer Memory Card International Association personal digital assistant pin grid array pin grid array 2 personal identification number public key infrastructure plug and play post office protocol 3 power-on self test plain old telephone service point-to-point protocol point-to-point tunneling protocol primary rate interface programmable read-only memory personal system/2 connector public switched telephone network power supply unit permanent virtual circuit preboot execution environment quality of service redundant array of independent (or inexpensive) discs random access memory remote access service RAMBUS ® dynamic random access memory Remote Desktop Protocol radio frequency radio frequency interference red green blue RAMBUS ® inline memory module routing information protocol remote installation service reduced instruction set computer registered jack Version 2. 0 15 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. RJ-11 RJ-45 RMA ROM RS-232 or RS-232C RTC SAN SATA SC SCP SCSI SCSI ID SD card SDRAM SEC SFC SGRAM SIMM SLI S. M. A. R. T. SMB SMTP SNMP SoDIMM SOHO SP SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4 SPDIF SPGA SPX SRAM SSH SSID SSL ST STP SVGA SXGA TB TCP TCP/IP egistered jack function 11 registered jack function 45 returned materials authorization read only memory recommended standard 232 real-time clock storage area network serial advanced technology attachment subscription channel secure copy protection small computer system interface small computer system interface identifier secure digital car d synchronous dynamic random access memory single edge connector system file checker synchronous graphics random access memory single inline memory module scalable link interface or system level integration or scanline interleave mode self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting technology server message block or small to midsize business simple mail transport protocol simple network management protocol small outline dual inline memory module small office/home office service pack service pack 1 service pack 2 service pack 3 service pack 4 Sony-Philips digital interface format staggered pin grid array sequenced package exchange static random access memory secure shell service set identifier secure sockets layer straight tip shielded twisted pair super video graphics array super extended graphics array terabyte transmission control protocol transmission control protocol/internet protocol Version 2. 0 16 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology In dustry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. TDR TFTP TPM UAC UART UDF UDMA UDP UNC UPS URL USB USMT UTP UXGA VESA VFAT VGA VoIP VPN VRAM WAN WAP WEP WIFI WINS WLAN WPA WUXGA XGA ZIF ZIP ime domain reflectometer trivial file transfer protocol trusted platform module user account control universal asynchronous receiver transmitter user defined functions or universal disk format or universal data format ultra direct memory access user datagram protocol universal naming convention uninterruptible power supply uniform resource locator universal serial bus user state migration tool unshielded twisted pair ultra extended graphics array Video Electronics Standards Association virtual file allocation table video graphics array voice over internet protocol virtual private network video random access memory wide area network wireless application protocol wired equivalent privacy wireless fidelity windows internet name service wireless local area network wireless protected access wide ultra extended graphics array extended graphics array zero-insertion-force zigzag inline package CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 17 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. How to cite Comptia a+, Papers

Music and the Media Pop music Essay Example For Students

Music and the Media Pop music Essay Popular music has long been awash with state polices and attitudes, and has been a major factor in the rising of popular music within Popular Culture. There are of course many views and leanings on Culture itself, and such state concepts are a topical debate over government economic intervention in the market place versus the operation of the free market (Shuker, 1994: 53) in forming, doctoring and maintaining cultural identity. In Popular Music, most governments have held a traditional conservative view of culture but this is an (music) industry that is not regulated as such in terms of content etc. However there are concerns across the board, being partly the reason why governments may like more say. Such as if it threatens social order (Shuker, 1994: 53 Strinati 1995: 12-13); moral panics of over the social activities of youth cultures (where many groups such as Parents have voiced there concern, such as lyrics of rap/hip-hop music etc). Looking at more how culture and music are related now, most State policies have often been based in and around elitist ideas of culture and music; which try to distance and separate from the material production and economic activity music has. However governments do intervene in various forms, offering subsidy, licensing arrangements and protecting national music etc through required various quotas etc. Seeing their notions as very much part of High Culture. High Culture is seen as intellectual and artistic arts produced and consumed for the middle and upper classes, this was due to political and economic inequalities, keeping it very much an elitist culture as it was not accessible by all groups. A view written about by Victorian Poet Educator Matthew Arnold, who thought that Culture was associated with the intellectual side of civilisation, his famous quote being The best which has been thought and said in the world to maintain standards maintain social order (*In Culture and Anarchy 1869) This ideology was used by elites within government, academia, etc. therefore it can be seen as a form of Cultural Hegemony (Strinati, 1995: 165 168). So if High Art is confined to the Middle/Upper Classes, then Popular culture is opposite from this. Popular Culture takes its basis from working class culture, its accessible by the average person, who produce and consume it. Its very much a lived culture. So its allegedly unfit and unworthy for significant government support. This has somewhat changed under the New Labour Government talking in present terms. New Labour has very much pushed and promoted popular music and its artists through new programmes, such as the Music Industry Forum, chaired by Culture Secretary, Tessa Jowell. In the recent Music Summit (February 2003) Ministers invited key players from the music world to share their views on how the Licensing Bill should be delivered to ensure live music can flourish in the future. Those who attended represented writers, managers, record labels, music teachers, students and grass root musicians. Culture Minister Kim Howells said: We want live music to flourish in this country. Thats our endgame. Speaking about new licensing bill aiding Musicians in freedoms and protections and to aid entertainers.